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Assessing Farm Financial Health Using Your Balance Sheet

ANR-0135
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Date: 
05/18/2023
Chris Zoller, Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ohio State University Extension
Eric Richer, Field Specialist, Farm Management, Ohio State University Extension

A balance sheet is used to accurately reflect the assets, liabilities, and net worth of your farm. Let’s review how you can assess farm financial health using your current balance sheet.

Introduction

The balance sheet is one of four financial statements critical to the management and operation of a farm business. The other three are the income statement, cash flow statement, and statement of changes in owner’s equity. The balance sheet is arguably the simplest of the four but can provide a tremendous amount of information about the financial health of your farm, including the ability to measure the liquidity and solvency of your business.

A balance sheet includes two columns. The left column lists the assets of the business. The right column lists the liabilities incurred by the business. Subtracting liabilities from assets provides the calculated net worth, or equity, of the business. The balance sheet represents a financial snapshot in time of the business.

If you have questions about developing a balance sheet, speak with your lender or review the Ohio State University Extension fact sheet, The Basics of a Farm Balance Sheet, at ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/anr-64.

Using Your Balance Sheet

If you are completing a balance sheet each year only to check a box that satisfies your lender, you are missing out on a number of useful learning opportunities, including:

  • determining farm business valuation
  • having a financial document that multiple generations can use to discuss a farm from a business perspective
  • reviewing farm assets and how they are financed (debt vs. equity)
  • understanding how much financial risk a farm can bear
  • measuring farm financial health (growth, liquidity, solvency, and ratios)
  • gauging farm financial performance by calculating ratios and comparing performance to industry standards

Let’s review the calculations used to measure a farm’s health, what they mean, how they are calculated, and what you can learn from them.

Liquidity - measures the ability of a farm business to pay short-term (less than one–year) debts. Two ratios can be calculated to assess the liquidity of your business:

  1. current ratio: considered strong if it is greater than 1.5. The formula for determining the current ratio is:
Equation displaying current farm assets divided by current farm liabilities.
  1. working capital*: varies by business size but should be positive. The formula for determining working capital is:

total current farm assets – total current farm liabilities

*Two measures for working capital are accepted by the Farm Financial Standards Council:

  • working capital as a percentage of gross revenue, calculated as follows:
Equation displaying total current farm assets minus total current farm liabilities divided by gross farm revenue.
  • working capital as a percentage of operating expense, calculated as follows:
Equation displaying total current farm assets minus total current farm liabilities divided by operating expenses.

The Farm Financial Standards Council (FFSC) provides the following guidance for evaluating liquidity measures:

Table displaying FFSC guidance for evaluating a farm's liquidity.
Click to view/download PDF.

Solvency - the ability of a farm to meet its long-term debt obligations. Three ratios can be calculated to measure the solvency of a farm:

  1. Debt to asset ratio** - calculated using this formula:
Equation displaying total farm liabilities divided by total farm assets.
  1. Equity to asset ratio** - calculated using this formula:
Equation displaying total farm equity divided by total farm assets.

**When added together, these two ratios should equal a value of 1.0.

  1. Debt to equity ratio  - calculated using this formula:
Equation displaying total farm liabilities divided by total farm equity.

Use the following guidelines to compare your performance against industry standards:

Table displaying a comparison of numbers of debt to assets, equity to assets, and debt to equity in comparison to industry standards.
Click to view/download PDF.

Summary

Monitoring financial performance and measuring it against established standards are critical. These measures should be calculated annually, at a minimum, and then be used to make farm business decisions.

Make time to review your balance sheet, complete the calculations described in this fact sheet, and compare your calculations to industry standards. Consult your lender or Extension professional for more information.

For More Information

Check out the following resources for more information on how to use a balance sheet to assess a farm’s financial value:

Originally posted May 18, 2023.
Ohioline https://ohioline.osu.edu