Ohio State University Extension Bulletin

Ornamental Plants
Annual Reports and Research Reviews
2001

Special Circular 186-02


Biological Clocks: A Five-Year Calendar of Plant and Insect Phenology in Secrest Arboretum

Daniel A. Herms,
Ohio State University/
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center/Entomology

Literature Cited

Allen, J. C. 1976. A modified sine wave method for calculating degree-days. Environmental Entomology 5:388-396.

Bradley, N. L., A. C. Leopold, J. Ross, and W. Huffaker. 1999. Phenological changes reflect climate change in Wisconsin. Proceedings, National Academy of Science 96:9701-9704.

Dirr, M. A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. 5th Edition. Stipes Publishing Co., Champaign, Illinois.

Glendenning, R. 1943. Phenology: the most natural of sciences. Canadian Field-Naturalist 57:75-78.

Herms, D. A. 1999. Understanding and using degree-days. In: M. A. Rose and J. A. Chatfield, Eds. Ornamental Plants: Annual Reports and Research Reviews, 1998. pp. 70-76. The Ohio State University. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Special Circular 165, 136 pp.

Herms, D. A. 2001. Degrees of separation: using degree-days and observing blooming times to predict when insect pests emerge. American Nurseryman 194(4):34-40.

Huberman, M. A. 1941. Why phenology? Journal of Forestry 39:1007-1013.

Levitt, D. 1981. Aboriginal uses of plants. Groote Eylandt. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, Australia.

Menzel, A. and P. Fabian. 1999. Growing season extended in Europe. Nature 397:659.

Peñueles, J. and I. Filella. 2001. Perspectives on phenology: responses to a warming world. Science 294:793-794.

Rathcke, B. and E. L. Lacey. 1985. Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16:179-214.

Tauber, C. A. and M. J. Tauber. 1981. Insect seasonal cycles: genetics and evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12:281-308.

Table 1. A Phenological Sequence for Wooster, Ohio, from 1997-2001.


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