What About the Future?
Only a few of the 400+ components of milk fat have been examined for their biological activities. The anticarcinogenic properties of CLA were discovered serendipitously - what other important biological activities remain to be discovered in milk fat if a concerted search is undertaken? The future for milk fat in research and as a healthy component of the diet is indeed bright.
Beaulieu, A. D., and D.L. Palmquist. 1995. Differential effects of high fat diets on fatty acid composition in milk of Jersey and Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1336-1344.
Berner, L.A. 1993. Defining the role of milk fat in balanced diets. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 37:131-257.
Corl, B.A., L.H. Baumgard, D.A. Dwyer, J. M. Griinari, B.S. Phillips, and D.E. Bauman. 2000. The role of delta )-9 desaturase in the production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and other delta )-9 desaturated fatty acids in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 83:164 (Supplement 1).
German, J.B., L. Morand, C.J. Dillard, and R. Xu. 1997. Milk fat composition: targets for alteration of function and nutrition. pp 35-72 in R.A.S. Welch, D.J.W. Burns, S.R. Davis, A. I. Popay and C. J. Prosser, eds. Milk Composition, Production and Biotechnology. CAB International.
Goodridge, A.G. 1972. Regulation of the activity of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase by palmitoyl-coenzyme A and citrate. J. Biol. Chem. 247:6946-6952.
Griinari, J. M., B. A. Corl, S. H. Lacy, P. Y. Chouinard, K.V.V. Nurmela, and D. E. Bauman. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by )9-desaturase. J. Nutr. 130:2285-2291.
Harfoot, C.G., and G.P. Hazlewood. 1997. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. pp 382-426 in P. N. Hobson and C.S. Stewart, ed. The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. 2nd ed. Blackie Academic and Professional.
Harper, A.E. 1992. Nutrition and public policy. pp 149-165. Milk Synthesis, Production and Nutritional Qualities. Dairy Science/OARDC Centennial Symposium, Wooster.
Havel, R.J. 1997. Milk fat consumption and human health: Recent NIH and other American governmental recommendations. pp. 13-22 in R.A.S. Welch, D.J.W. Burns, S.R. Davis, A.I. Popay and C.J. Prosser, eds. Milk Composition, Production and Biotechnology. CAB International.
Ip, C., S. Banni, E. Angioni, G. Carta, J. McGinley, H.J. Thompson, D. Barbano, and D. Bauman. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butterfat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats. J. Nutr. 129:2135-2142.
Jensen, R.G., and D.S. Newburg. 1995. Bovine milk lipids. pp. 543-575 in R.G. Jensen, ed. Handbook of Milk Composition, Academic Press.
Joblin, K.N., and J.A. Hudson. 1997. Management of milk flavour through the manipulation of rumen microorganisms. pp 455-463 in R.A.S. Welch, D.J.W. Burns, S.R. Davis, A.I. Popay and C.J. Prosser, eds. Milk Composition, Production and Biotechnology. CAB International.
Kepler, C. R., W. P. Tucker, and S. B. Tove. 1966. Intermediates and products of the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. J. Biol. Chem. 241:1350-1354.
Knudsen, J., and I. Grunnet. 1982. Transacylation as a chain-termination mechanism in fatty acid synthesis by mammalian fatty acid synthetase. Biochem. J. 202:139-143.
Lin, C.Y., and S. Kumar. 1972. Pathway for synthesis of fatty acids in mammalian tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 247:604-610.
McGuire, M.K., M.A. McGuire, K. Ritzenthaler, and T.D. Schultz. 1999. Dietary sources and intakes of conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans. pp 369-377 in M.P. Yurawecz, M.M. Mossoba, J.K.G. Kramer, M.W. Pariza, and G.J. Nelson. Adv. in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Res., Vol. 1. AOCS Press.
Morales, S., D.L. Palmquist, and W.P. Weiss. 2000. Effects of fat source and copper on unsaturation of blood and milk triacylglycerol fatty acids in Holstein and Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2105-2111.
Palmquist, D.L., A.D. Beaulieu, and D.M. Barbano. 1993. Feed and animal factors influencing milk fat composition. J. Dairy Sci. 76:1753-1771.
Palmquist, D.L., C.L. Davis, R.E. Brown, and D.S. Sachan. 1969. Availability and metabolism of various substrates in ruminants. V. Entry rate into the body and incorporation into milk fat of D (-) β-hydroxybutyrate. J. Dairy Sci. 52:633-638.
Palmquist, D.L., K.E. McClure, G.D. Lowe, and D.D. Clevenger. 2000. Concentrations of trans-18:1 and CLA in tissues of lambs finished on different diets. Proc. 25th Rumen Function Conf., Chicago.
Palmquist, D.L., and W. Mattos. 1978. Turnover of lipoproteins and transfer to milk fat of dietary (1-carbon-14) linoleic acid in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 61:561-565.
Pariza, M.W. 1999. The biological activities of conjugated linoleic acid. pp 12-20 in M.P. Yurawecz, M. M. Mossoba, J.K.G. Kramer, M.W. Pariza, and G.J. Nelson. Adv. in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Res., Vol. 1. AOCS Press.
Parodi, P.W. 1997. Cow's milk fat components as potential anticarcinogenic agents. J. Nutr. 127:1055-1060.
Patton, S., P.G. Keeney, and C.T. Herald. 1954. The role of lactones in flavor deterioration of milk fat. Science 199:218.
Ramsay, L.E., W.W. Yeo, and P.R. Jackson. 1991. Dietary reduction of serum cholesterol concentration: time to think again. Brit. Med. J. 303:953-957.
Reiser, R. 1951. Hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by the ruminant. Fed. Proc. 10:236.
Santora, J.E., D.L. Palmquist, and K.L. Roehrig. 2000. Trans-vaccenic acid is desaturated to conjugated linoleic acid in mice. J. Nutr. 130:208-215.
Scott, P.J. 1997. Milk consumption and individual responses. pp 23-33 in R.A.S. Welch, D.J.W. Burns, S. R. Davis, A. I. Popay and C. J. Prosser, eds. Milk Composition, Production and Biotechnology. CAB International.
Smith, S. 1994. The animal fatty acid synthase: one gene, one polypeptide, seven enzymes. FASEB J. 8:1248-1259.
Strom, K.A., and S. Kumar. 1979. Activation and inhibition of crotonyl-coenzyme A reductase activity of bovine mammary fatty acid synthetase. J. Biol. Chem. 254:8159-8162.