Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook

Bulletin 861

Edited by

Acknowledgments

We extend grateful appreciation to the following persons who have contributed their talent to this publication:

David E. Scardena, Joy Ann Fischer, Editing
Tim Bowman, Graphic Design
Communications and Technology
The Ohio State University

Michele Hobbs, Office Associate
Department of Horticulture and Crop Science
The Ohio State University

Shirley M. Funt, Continuing Education Assistant
The Ohio State University

Additional Copies

Additional copies of this handbook can be purchased from your land-grant university listed on page ii. If you live outside the Midwest, you may write or call: Ohio State University Extension, Media Distribution, 385 Kottman Hall, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1044. Phone: 614-292-1607.

Trade Names

Trade names, suppliers, or other private labels are used for identification. No product endorse-ment is implied nor is discrimination intended toward similar products or materials not mentioned or listed. Ohio State University Extension and the participating universities make no warranty or guidance of any kind, expressed or implied, concerning the use of these products.

A portion of the funding for this publication was provided by the North Central Integrated Pest Management Center and the Ohio Integrated Pest Management Program.

Table of Contents

• PREFACE


• CHAPTER 1 – General Concepts of Integrated Pest Management
• Pest Management
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Strategies of Pest Management
• Biological Control
• Monitoring Pests and Making Control Decisions


• CHAPTER 2 – Strawberries
• General
• Integrated Management of Strawberry Diseases
• Identifying and Understanding the Major Strawberry Diseases
• Foliar Diseases
• Strawberry Root Diseases
• Strawberry Fruit Rots
• Use of Disease-Resistant Cultivars
• Cultural Practices for Disease Control in Strawberry
• Fungicides for Strawberry Disease Control
• Leaf Diseases
• Strawberry Pests and Their Management
• Fruit- or Flower-Feeding Pests
• Foliage- or Stem-Feeding Pests
• Root- or Crown-Feeding Pests
• Summary of Strawberry Insect Pest Management Procedures
• Weed Management in Strawberries
• Weed Control with Herbicides


• CHAPTER 3 – Brambles (Raspberries and Blackberries)
• General
• Integrated Management of Bramble Diseases
• Identifying and Understanding the Major Bramble Diseases
• Cane and Leaf Diseases
• Root Diseases
• Virus Diseases of Raspberries
• Control of Virus Diseases
• Use of Disease-Resistant Cultivars
• Cultural Practices for Disease Control in Brambles
• Fungicides for Bramble Disease Control
• Bramble Pests and Their Management
• Fruit- or Flower-Feeding Pests
• Cane- or Crown-Feeding Pests
• Foliage-Feeding Pests
• Summary of Bramble Insect Pest Management Procedures
• Weed Management in Brambles


• CHAPTER 4 – Highbush Blueberries
• General
• Integrated Management of Blueberry Diseases
• Identifying and Understanding the Major Blueberry Diseases
• Fruit Diseases
• Stem and Foliage Diseases
• Root Diseases
• Viruses and Phytoplasmas
• Use of Disease-Resistant Cultivars
• Cultural Practices for Disease Control in Blueberry
• Blueberry Pests and Their Management
• Insect Pests
• Vertebrate Pests
• Summary of Blueberry Insect Pest Management Procedures
• Weed Management in Highbush Blueberries


• CHAPTER 5 – Grapes
• General
• Integrated Management of Grape Diseases
• Identifying and Understanding the Major Grape Diseases
• Black Rot
• Powdery Mildew
• Phomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot
• Downy Mildew
• Botrytis Bunch Rot
• Eutypa Dieback
• Anthracnose
• Crown Gall
• Use of Resistant Cultivars for Grape Disease Management
• Cultural Practices for Disease Control in Grapes
• Using Fungicides for Controlling Grape Diseases
• Fungicides for Controlling Specific Grape Diseases
• Fungicides for Controlling Black Rot
• Fungicides for Powdery Mildew
• Fungicides for Phomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot
• Fungicides for Downy Mildew
• Grape Insects and Their Management
• Introduction
• Insect Monitoring Devices
• Cultural Practices
• Resistant Cultivars
• Behavior and Biology
• Identifying and Understanding the Major Insects and Mites on Grapes
• Insects That Attack Buds
• Insects That Attack Flower Clusters and Berries
• Insects That Attack Grape Foliage
• Insects That Attack the Roots and Crown
• Mites That Attack Grapes
• Weed Management in Grapes


• CHAPTER 6 - Weed Management
• General Information and Guidelines
• Weed Identification and Scouting
• Cultural Controls
• Mechanical Controls and Hand Weeding
• Chemical Controls
• Herbicide Application
• Controlling Weeds Before Planting
• Herbicide Types
• Herbicide Injury
• Methods of Application
• Soil Fumigation
• Preplant Cover Crops
• Selecting a Preplant Cover Crop
• Weed Identification
• Broadleaf Weeds
• Creeping or Prostrate Broadleaf Weeds


• CHAPTER 7 – Reducing Bird and Other Wildlife Damage in Berries and Grapes
• Birds
• Wild Turkey
• Deer


• CHAPTER 8 – Using Pesticides in Small Fruit Production
• Pesticide Application
• Pesticide Labels
• Pesticide Formulations
• Conversion of Label Formulation Rates to Actual Toxicant Rates
• Calibrating Single Nozzle and Boom Sprayers
• Spray Pattern Alignment
• Calibration of Air-Blast Sprayers
• Determining the Amount of Spray to Apply Per Acre
• How Much Pesticide Is Needed per Tank?
• Cleaning Spray Equipment
• Pesticide Safety
• Toxicity of Pesticides
• Pesticide Applicator Certification
• Record Keeping, Worker Protection, and Reentry Times
• Pesticide Safety and Use
• Protecting the Birds and the Bees
• Ground Water and Surface Water Protection
• Safe Storage of Pesticides
• Fungicides and Insecticides for Small Fruits


• CHAPTER 9 – Plant Tissue Analysis for Small Fruit and Fertilizer Recommendations
• Sampling
• Sample Dates (Table 9-2)
• Sample Time
• Number of Leaves Sampled
• Location of Plants in the Field
• Process Samples
• Interpretation of Results
• Recommendations for Strawberries
• Recommendations for Brambles
• Recommendations for Blueberries
• Recommendations for Grapes


• REFERENCES

Prepared by:

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
Horticulture J. R. Clark
Entomology D. T. Johnson
Plant Pathology P. Fenn, S. R. Vann

Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011
Horticulture Paul Domoto, Gail Nonnecke
Entomology Donald Lewis
Plant Pathology Mark Gleason

Kansas State University, Manhattan KS 66506
Horticulture Sorkel Kadir
Entomology Robert Bauernfeind
Plant Pathology N. A. Tisserat

The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210
Horticulture Richard C. Funt, Doug Doohan, Maurus Brown, Imed Dami
Entomology Celeste Welty, Roger Williams
Plant Pathology Mike Ellis

Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
Horticulture Bruce P. Bordelon, Steve C. Weller
Entomology Rick E. Foster
Plant Pathology Paul C. Pecknold

University of Illinois, Urbana IL 61808
Horticulture Mosbah Kushad, Bob Skirvin
Entomology Rick Weinzierl
Plant Pathology Mohammad Babadoost

University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40546
Horticulture J. G. Strang, R. T. Jones, J. G. Masabni
Entomology R. T. Bessin
Plant Pathology J. R. Hartman

University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
Southwest Missouri State University, Mountain Grove 65711
Horticulture Patrick Byers (SMSU), Michele Warmund (UMC)
Entomology Bruce Barrett (UMC), Martin Kaps (SMSU), Daniel Waldstein (SMSU)
Plant Pathology James Moore (SMSU)

University of Nebraska, Lincoln NE 68588
Horticulture P. Real
Entomology F. Baxendale
Plant Pathology J. Watkins
Weed Science A. Martin

University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706
Horticulture Teryl R. Roper
Entomology Daniel L. Mahr
Plant Pathology Patricia S. McManus

Copyright © The Ohio State University 2004