Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet

Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering

590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210

Water Resources of Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson Counties

AEX-480.89

Mike Hogan
Kristina M. Boone
Larry C. Brown

Water is a resource often taken for granted. In recent years, water availability and quality have become important public concerns in the three-county area of Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson counties. Population in the three-county area (Carroll 26,521; Harrison 16,085; Jefferson 89,298) is predominantly rural, but in Jefferson County, 41 percent of the population live in urban areas. In Carroll County, all residents rely on ground water for their water supply. Conversely, 31 percent of Harrison County residents and 50 percent of Jefferson County residents rely on surface water for their water supply. By understanding where water is obtained and how it is used in the three-county area, residents can gain a better appreciation for their water. This publication is intended to increase public awareness and understanding of water resources by providing a brief overview of the water resources of the area. Water resources terminology used in this publication is included in Surface and Ground Water Terminology, Fact Sheet AEX 460, which provides a listing of generally accepted water resource definitions. Ohio State University Extension publications are available through all Ohio county Extension offices.

Precipitation

An average of 39 inches of precipitation falls on Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson counties annually. Figures 1, 2 and 3 illustrate the average monthly precipitation for each of the three counties for the period 1961 to 1990. Based on these 30-year records, the average precipitation is 3.3 inches per month. Typically, the wettest month of the year is July (Carroll: 4.5 inches; Harrison: 4.4 inches; Jefferson: 4.2 inches). January and February are the driest months of the year in Carroll (2.2 inches) and Harrison (2.3 inches) counties, while February is the driest month in Jefferson (2.4 inches). There can be, however, extreme variations in some years and in certain months within a year. Such seasonal and yearly extremes, which may have serious consequences, often are not apparent from the long-term precipitation information.

Figure 1. Average monthly precipitation (in inches) in Carroll County, Ohio (1961-1990); Data collected at Carrollton.

Figure 2. Average monthly precipitation (in inches) in Harrison County, Ohio (1961-1990); Data collected at Cadiz.

Figure 3. Average monthly precipitation (in inches) in Jefferson County, Ohio (1961-1990); Data collected at Steubenville.

Surface-Water Resources

There are seven different drainage basins in the three-county area. All basins drain into the Ohio River, a major water resource for eastern and southern Ohio and other states. Table 1 lists the drainage basins and their locations, and generalized surface water maps of the three counties are presented in Figures 4a (Carroll), 4b (Harrison) and 4c (Jefferson). There are a total of 1,371 linear miles of major streams and rivers in the three-county area, including 380 miles in Carroll County, 457 in Harrison, and 534 in Jefferson (estimated from ODNR Div. of Water river basin maps).

Table 1. Drainage Basins in Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson counties.
Drainage Basin	Location	Total Drainage Area (sq. miles)
Sandy Creek	Northern Carroll	503
Conotton Creek	Southern Carroll, Northern Harrison	286
Stillwater Creek	Harrison	485
Yellow Creek	Southeast Carroll, Northern Jefferson	240
Cross Creek	Northeast Harrison, Central Jefferson	128
Short Creek	Southeast Harrison, Southern Jefferson	147
Wheeling Creek	Extreme Southeast Harrison	107

Figure 4a. Surface-water resources in Carroll County, Ohio (adapted from ODNR Div. of Water river basin maps by R.A. Roberts).

Figure 4b. Surface-water resources in Harrison County, Ohio (adapted from ODNR Div. of Water river basin maps by R.A. Roberts).

Figure 4c. Surface-water resources in Jefferson County, Ohio (adapted from ODNR Div. of Water river basin maps by R.A. Roberts).

Surface waters are affected by the soil type and topography of the land adjacent to them, and the way humans use the land. Land use, such as residential development, construction and agricultural production, can increase the amount of sediment entering a body of water. The type of soils in an area also influences surface water because of the soil's infiltration capacity. With some soils, rainfall is more likely to run off, while other soils allow water to infiltrate more readily. There are a total of 768,900 land acres in the three-county area, much of which is covered by forests (379,300 acres). Carroll County contains 251,000 land acres, of which 98 percent is rural and 45 percent is farmland. Harrison County contains 256,000 land acres, of which 98 percent is rural and 46 percent is farmland. Jefferson County contains 261,900 land acres, with 96 percent rural and 31 percent farmland.

There are eight major soil types in Carroll and Jefferson counties, and seven in Harrison County. The majority of these soils are well-drained to moderately well-drained clays and loams, derived from siltstone, shale and limestone, on gentle to very steep slopes. A significant amount of land in Harrison and Jefferson counties and a smaller amount in Carroll County consists of surface mine spoils, where native soil has been removed. Some of these areas have been reclaimed, and then graded, and covered with a thin layer of acid or calcareous soil material.

The three-county area contains 8,069 acres of lakes and ponds larger than five acres in size. Five different Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District lakes account for approximately 6,550 of these acres in Carroll and Harrison counties. The majority of Carroll County's 3,002 acres of lakes are used for recreational purposes by those involved in the county's tourism industry. Carroll County's acreage is comprised of Lake Mohawk (505 acres), Leesville Lake (1,000 acres), Atwood Lake (1300 acres in Carroll County) and 19 other smaller lakes and ponds. Harrison County's 4,670 acres of lakes are used for recreation and for industrial purposes by mining companies and include Piedmont Lake (100 acres in Harrison County), Tappan Lake (2,350 acres), Clendening Lake (1,800 acres) and 33 other lakes and ponds less than 100 acres in size. Jefferson County's 397 acres of lakes also are used for recreation and mining industry purposes. Of the 18 lakes and ponds in Jefferson County, the larger ones are Cardinal Fly Ash Retention Dam (77 acres), Friendship Park (85 acres) and Austin Lake (70 acres).

Ponds smaller than five acres in size are popular with homeowners and farmers in the area. Most are filled by springs or surface water runoff and are not major sources of drinking water for humans, although they are important sources of water for livestock.

Ground-Water Resources

The primary source of ground water in the three-county area is the shaly sandstone aquifer composed of fine- to medium-grained sandstone, interbedded with shale, coal, clay, siltstone and thin limestone. A sandstone aquifer made up of fine-grained quartz sand, cemented by iron, clay, silica and/or calcite is also a source of ground water in the western portion of Carroll County and the extreme northwest portion of Harrison County.

Ground-water supplies are meager in most parts of the three-county area. Wells located in nearly 90 percent of the total land area in Harrison and Jefferson counties and nearly 30 percent of the total land area in Carroll County seldom yield more than three gallons per minute (gpm). Exceptions to this are as follows:

Carroll County

In limited areas bordering Sandy Creek, deposits of sand, gravel, silt and clay yield quantities suitable for industrial and municipal uses. These deposits range from 35 to more than 180 feet thick. Wells drilled to an average of 135 feet yield 10 to 25 gpm in the northwestern quarter of the county, as well as areas bordering Atwood and Leesville Lakes and Conotton Creek.

Harrison County

Bedrock wells yield adequate domestic supplies in the extreme northwest corner of the county, and locally thick sandstone yields farm supplies of 3 to 10 gpm. In stream valleys along Stillwater, Little Stillwater, and Conotton Creeks, fill consisting of clay, fine sand, silt and occasional deposits of gravel sometimes provides yields up to 25 gpm.

Jefferson County

In areas bordering the Ohio River, well yields of 25 to more than 100 gpm and greater have been developed from permeable sand and gravel deposits. Large industrial and municipal wells in this area supply much of the county through regional water systems. Yields in excess of 1,000 gpm may be developed from horizontal collector wells.

Areas bordering Short and Cross Creeks yield adequate domestic supplies of 5 to 25 gpm from up to 50-foot thick deposits of sand and gravel. The area bordering Yellow Creek in the northern part of the county, where limited domestic supplies are obtained from thin lenses of sand and gravel interbedded with silt and clay.

An overview of the ground-water resources in the area can be found in Ground-Water Resources of Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson Counties, AEX-490.89, available through Carroll, Harrison, and Jefferson county Extension offices.

The yield of a well will vary considerably depending on the age and depth of the well, well construction, diameter of the casing, pump capacity and age, and more importantly, the geologic formation. Specific information on ground-water availability and wells can be obtained by contacting the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), Div. of Water.

Where Does the Water Go?

Based on long-term weather records, Ohio receives an average of 38 inches of precipitation per year. These 38 inches move through a complex path called the hydrologic cycle. Of these 38 inches, about 10 inches (26 percent) become runoff, which moves immediately to surface-water bodies like streams and lakes. Two inches are retained at the ground surface and evaporate back into the atmosphere in a relatively short period of time. Twenty-six of the 38 total inches enter the soil surface through infiltration. Twenty of these 26 inches go into soil storage and later are returned to the atmosphere by the combination of evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration). The remaining six inches of precipitation (16 percent of the total) have the potential to recharge the ground-water supply. Two of these six inches eventually move to springs, lakes, or streams as ground-water discharge. The remaining four inches either return to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration or are withdrawn to supply water needs. For further reading, refer to Ohio's Hydrologic Cycle, AEX 461.

Statewide averages applied to the three-county area's average annual precipitation provides a rough estimate of how many inches will result in runoff and how many inches have the potential to reach aquifers. Based on statewide averages of runoff and ground-water recharge, the three-county area's average 39 inches of annual precipitation results in approximately 10 inches of runoff to streams and lakes, and about 6 inches have the potential to recharge aquifers annually. Values for particular locations will differ according to local conditions.

Water Use

Ground water is a major water source for households in the three-county area. About 60 percent of all households in the area rely on ground water as their primary source of water, and almost 40 percent of all households obtain their water from private wells. Based on an estimated usage of 75 gallons per person per day, 3.8 million gallons per day is used from private wells in the three-county area. Additional private water uses include industry, several golf courses and livestock use.

In Carroll County, the entire population depends upon ground water for its water supply; one-third of the households rely on public water systems, while the other two-thirds draw from private wells. Atwood Lake Lodge and Atwood Lake Park Campground, however, depend on surface water from Atwood Lake for water supply for the hotel, restaurant and campground guests and employees.

In Harrison County, 69 percent of the population relies on ground water for their water source; 33 percent from public water systems and 36 percent from private wells. The remaining 31 percent of the population in Harrison County rely on surface waters from public water systems. Because of its location on the Ohio River, Jefferson County depends heavily on surface water for public water supplies and half of the population relies on surface water. The remaining 50 percent of the county's population relies on ground water as a source of water; 20 percent from public water systems and 30 percent from private wells.

Water use for public water systems in Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson counties is given in Tables 2 through 4. For each water system, this table presents an estimate of population served, water source, estimated daily usage and treatment plant capacity. In Carroll County the largest water systems are the Village of Carrollton and Mohawk Utilities. All public water systems in Carroll County, rely on ground water. The Village of Cadiz is Harrison County's largest public water supply system. Cadiz, Hopedale and Unionvale/Kenwood Water Association (which purchases water from Cadiz) depend upon surface water reservoirs in the county. The remaining public water systems in Harrison County rely on ground water. Jefferson County's largest public water system is Steubenville, which supplies more than 24,000 people and relies on surface water from the Ohio River. Wintersville and the Jefferson County Sanitary District (which both purchase water from Steubenville) and Toronto also rely on surface water from the Ohio River.

Some water users in Ohio must register their withdrawals with the ODNR Div. of Water. Through the Water Withdrawal Facility Registration Program, owners of facilities that could withdraw 100,000 gpd (70 gpm) or more must register those facilities. Information collected through this program includes withdrawal capacity, ground- or surface-water sources, location and type of water use, and location of discharge points. The program is for registration only, and not for allocation or permission. Registered withdrawers file annual reports of their water use. This information helps planners at ODNR determine the availability of water for projected needs and better manage and protect Ohio's water resources. Documenting water use also provides official records for individual uses. For more information, contact ODNR, Div. of Water.

The three-county area also has 19 non-transient non-community systems; 11 in Carroll County, two in Harrison County and four in Jefferson County. Non-transient non-community systems are small public supplies, such as some schools and industries, which serve more than 25 of the same people for six months of the year. There are four transient non-community systems in Carroll and Harrison counties, all serving hotel, restaurant and recreational facilities on Atwood and Tappan Lakes.

At the time of this writing, several small communities in the three-county area are attempting to develop public water systems. The village of Leesville in Carroll County is developing a system to purchase water from Bowerston in Harrison County. The village of Amsterdam in Carroll and Jefferson counties has plans to abandon its wells and purchase water from Jefferson County Sanitary District.

Table 2. Water Use in Carroll County, Ohio1.
Public Water System	Population Served	Primary Water Source	Water Usage (GPD)2	Treatment Plant Capacity (GPD)
Carrollton	3,042	Ground Water	500,000	1,000,000
Malvern	1,200	Ground Water	190,000	500,000
Mohawk Utilities	3,626	Ground Water	350,000	650,000
Other3	643	Ground Water	57,400	0
1 Estimates provided by Ohio EPA using 1993 data, adjusted by Leonard Black, ODNR Div. of Water.
2 GPD = gallons per day.
3 Other includes the Minor, Pride Valley, Green Acres mobile home parks, and Rockwood Park, and East Carroll Nursing Home.

Table 3. Water Use in Harrison County, Ohio1.
Public Water System	Population Served	Primary Water Source	Water Usage (GPD)2	Treatment Plant Capacity (GPD)
Bowerston	399	Ground Water	64,000	288,000
Bowerston-Conotton3	200	Ground Water	1,330	0
Cadiz	3,900	Surface Water	397,000	504,000
Deersville	109	Ground Water	5,313	28,800
Freeport	475	Ground Water	25,000	57,600
Germano Water & Sewer District	158	Ground Water	14,520	43,200
Harrison County Home	63	Ground Water	8,250	0
Hopedale	883	Surface Water	59,500	172,000
Jewett	794	Ground Water	103,120	216,000
New Athens4	400	Ground Water	39,000	648,000
Scio	855	Ground Water	84,000	173,000
Tri County Water Authority5	1,625	Ground Water	232,400	288,000
Uniondale/Kenwood6	188	Surface Water	24,370	200,000
Other7	302	Ground Water	21,500	14,000
1 Estimates provided by Ohio EPA using 1993, adjusted by Leonard Black, ODNR Div. of Water.
2 GPD= gallons per day.
3 Water supplied by Bowerston.
4 Water supplied by Belmont County Sanitary District.
5 Water supplied by Martin's Ferry.
6 Water supplied by Cadiz.
7 Other includes a mobile home park and two home owner associations, one of which purchases water from Tri County Water Authority.

Table 4. Water Use in Jefferson County, Ohio1.
Public Water System	Population Served	Primary Water Source	Water Usage (GPD)2	Treatment Plant Capacity (GPD)
Adena3	854	Ground Water	71,000	0
Amsterdam	900	Ground Water	92,000	144,000
Bergholz	888	Ground Water	56,000	216,000
Brilliant	1,700	Ground Water	268,000	720,000
Dillonvale	900	Ground Water	146,000	374,400
Jefferson Co. Sanitary District A & G4	1,783	Ground Water	139,783	0
Jefferson Co. Sanitary District J, M & O5	9,451	Surface Water	709,000	2,670,000
Mingo Junction	4,297	Ground Water	2,143,000	2,590,000
Mount Pleasant	575	Ground Water	55,000	53,000
Rayland6	493	Ground Water	60,000	0
Richmond	525	Ground Water	50,000	46,080
Smithfield	1,100	Ground Water	122,060	360,000
Steubenville	24,300	Surface Water	6,630,000	9,734,000
Stratton	320	Ground Water	90,000	151,000
Tiltonsville	1,685	Ground Water	422,000	600,000
Toronto	6,127	Surface Water	372,000	1,088,640
Wintersville5	4,500	Surface Water	450,500	1,000,000
Yorkville	1,375	Ground Water	147,000	432,000
Other7	471	Ground Water	28,000	0
1 Estimates provided by Ohio EPA using 1993 data, adjusted by Leonard Black, ODNR Div. of Water.
2 GPD = gallons per day.
3 Water supplied by Tri County Water Authority.
4 Water supplied by Brillant and Tiltonsville.
5 Water supplied by Steubenville.
6 Water supplied by Tiltonsville.
7 Other includes a mobile home park, a home owner association (purchases water from Yorkville) and an investor (purchases water from Adena).

Water Quality

Natural processes and human activities affect the quality of our water supplies. Throughout Ohio, human activities contribute to nonpoint source pollution, through which a major portion of the sediment, nutrients, acids and salts, heavy metals, toxic chemicals and pathogens enter the state's water resources. Nonpoint source pollution is the introduction of impurities into a surface-water body or an aquifer, usually through a non-direct route and from sources that are "diffuse" in nature. This type of pollution affects both ground and surface water. Examples include automobile emissions, runoff from parking lots, runoff and drainage from agricultural fields, feedlots and home gardens, and runoff and drainage from construction, mining and logging.

Ground Water

As water moves through the sandstone, shaly sandstone and carbonate aquifers underlying the three-county area, it dissolves and carries in solution minerals contained in the bedrock. Ground water in many locations in the three-county area is hard and softening is desired before it is used for human consumption. A majority of the area's ground-water supply is high in iron. In some locations the iron content is so great that when untreated water is exposed to air, iron oxide forms as a precipitate, causing "red water." Unless treated for the removal of iron, this water will stain laundry and plumbing fixtures. AEX-490.89 summarizes some of the area's natural ground-water quality aspects.

Human activities, such as agricultural production, domestic waste disposal, and lawn and turf care, may have some influence on the ground-water quality in the three counties. In a 1988 study by Heidelberg College, 495 wells in Carroll, Harrison, and Jefferson counties were tested for nitrate content, of which 281 (57 percent of total) contained nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the range of 0 to 0.3 parts-per-million (ppm). This range is assumed to represent natural background levels. Another 163 wells (33 percent) were tested in the range of 0.3 to 3.0 ppm; these values may or may not indicate human influence. The 47 wells (9 percent) that tested in the range of 3.0 to 10 ppm may indicate elevated concentrations resulting from human activities. Only 4 wells (0.8 percent) tested at over 10 ppm nitrate-nitrogen, a level which exceeds the safe drinking water standard. All four of these wells were located in Jefferson County. Additionally, in 1989, as part of an EPA National Pesticide Survey, private wells in Carroll County were randomly selected and tested for pesticide contamination and nitrate-nitrogen presence. None of the eight wells tested contained nitrate-nitrogen levels above the 10 ppm safe drinking water standard. Design, location and condition of a well, as well as the characteristics of the soils and geologic formations in which the well is constructed, influence the potential for pollutants to enter the well.

Surface Water

Runoff and sediment from residential development, construction sites and agricultural lands may enter the area's streams and lakes. Also, runoff may carry other pollutants, such as lawn and agricultural chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers), effluent from septic systems, oil and gas from spills, and industrial wastes. Through the Ohio Nonpoint Source Assessment and Water Resources Inventory, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA) and ODNR have found that 13,000 stream miles in Ohio have been affected by nonpoint source pollution. Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson counties contain portions of several streams and their tributaries that have been classified by the Assessment as being affected by nonpoint source pollution. Based on the findings of the Assessment and Inventory, the Ohio Nonpoint Source Management Plan has been implemented to help improve the quality of the state's waters. For specific information on results of the Assessment and details of the Management Plan for Carroll County, contact the Ohio EPA Northeast District Office (2110 E. Aurora Rd., Twinsburg, OH 44087); for Harrison and Jefferson counties, contact the Ohio EPA Southeast District Office (2195 Front St., Logan, OH 43138).

Overall, the three-county area has a safe supply of water. Citizens have a major challenge to protect water resources from pollutants that could affect the quality of the water supply. For more information about nonpoint source pollution, refer to Nonpoint Source Pollution: Water Primer, AEX 465, available from your county Extension office.

Summary

Water availability and quality are important public concerns. Water problems can be both costly and inconvenient. While the present and future availability of water is good for Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson counties, water is a precious resource that must be conserved and protected. We must all work together to maintain an adequate supply of good quality water.

This fact sheet was intended to provide information on water facts for Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson counties. For more information on water resources and drinking-water quality in the area, contact offices of Ohio State University Extension in Carrollton, Cadiz and Wintersville. In addition, the following agencies may be able to provide information on other water resources topics in the area: Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson Soil and Water Conservation districts; Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson County Health departments; USDA Soil Conservation Service, ODNR Div. of Water (Fountain Square, Col., OH 43224); U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Ohio District (975 W. Third Ave., Col., OH 43212); Ohio EPA (1800 WaterMark Dr., Col., OH 43266); and Ohio Department of Health (PO Box 118, Col., OH 43226).

Bibliography

Analysis of Postdredging bed-level changes in selected reaches of Wheeling Creek, eastern Ohio, 1985-87. 1988. USGS. WRI Report 88-4119.

Carroll County, Ohio Soil Survey. 1983. USDA-SCS.

Carroll Soil and Water Conservation District Resource Inventory. 1985. USDA-SCS.

Changes in ground-water quality resulting from surface coal mining of a small watershed in Jefferson County, Ohio. 1986. USGS. WRI Report 83-4215.

Doane's Agricultural Report. 1992. Farm Water Systems.

Effects of relocating State Route 151 on the flood profiles of Conotton Creek and its tributaries between Bowerstown and Scio, Ohio. 1984. USGS. WRI Report 83-4130.

Estimated Water Use in Ohio, 1990, Public Supply Data. 1993. USGS. Open-File Report 93-72.

Flood of June 14-15, 1990, in Belmont, Jefferson and Harrison Counties, Ohio, with emphasis on Pipe and Weges Creek Basins Near Shadyside. 1991. USGS. WRI Report 91-4147.

Gazetteer of Ohio Streams. 1960. Ohio Water Inventory Report No. 12. ODNR Div. of Water.

Ground-water hydrology and quality before and after strip mining of a small watershed in Jefferson County, Ohio. 1984. USGS WRI Report 83-4215.

Ground-Water Resources of Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson Counties. 1993. M. Hogan, A.W. Jones, L.C. Brown, and K.M. Boone. AEX-490.89. Ohio State University Extension.

Hydrologic Atlas for Ohio: Average Annual Precipitation, Temperature, Streamflow, and Water Loss for the 50-Year Period 1931-1980. 1991. L.J. Hartstine. Water Inventory Report No. 28. ODNR Div. of Water.

Inventory of Municipal Water-Supply Systems by County, Ohio. 1977. Ohio Water Inventory Report No. 24. ODNR Div. of Water.

Inventory of Ohio's Lakes. 1980. Ohio Water Inventory Report No. 26. ODNR Div. of Water.

Jefferson County General Soil Map. 1988. ODNR, Div. of Soil and Water Conservation.

Long-term effects of surface coal mining and reclamation on ground water in small watershed in Jefferson County, Ohio. 1986. USGS WRI Report 86-4108.

Monthly Station Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days, 1961-90, Ohio. 1992. Climatology of the United States, No. 81 (by state). NOAA.

Nitrate and Pesticides in Private Wells of Ohio: A State Atlas. 1989. Water Quality Laboratory, Heidelberg College.

Nitrate In Drinking Water. 1987. K.M. Mancl. Bulletin No. 744. Ohio State University Extension.

Nonpoint Source Pollution: Water Primer. 1993. R. Leeds and L.C. Brown. AEX 465. Ohio State University Extension.

Ohio Ground-Water Quality. USGS National Water Summary - Ohio. 1986. USGS. Water-Supply Paper 2325.

Ohio Ground-Water Resources. USGS National Water Summary - Ohio. 1984. USGS. Water-Supply Paper 2275.

Ohio Nonpoint Source Management Program. 1993. ODNR. Fountain Square, Col., OH 43224-1387.

Ohio Surface-Water Resources. USGS National Water Summary - Ohio. 1985. USGS. Water-Supply Paper 2300.

Ohio Water Resource Inventory: Executive Summary and Volumes 1-4. 1992. Ohio EPA. Col., OH 43266-0149.

Ohio's Hydrologic Cycle. 1990. L.C. Brown and K.M. Coltman. AEX 461. Ohio State University Extension.

Private Water Systems Handbook. 1987. MWPS-14. Midwest Plan Service, Ames, IA.

Report of Programs, Harrison County Soil Survey. 1992. ODNR Div. of Soil and Water conservation.

Soil and Water Conservation District Resource Inventory. 1985. USDA-SCS.

Southeast Ohio Water Plans. 1978. ODNR Div. of Water.

State of Ohio Nonpoint Source Assessment: Volumes 1-6. 1990. Ohio EPA. Col., OH 43266-0149.

Surface and Ground Water Terminology. 1990. L.C. Brown and L.P. Black. AEX 460. Ohio State University Extension.

Water - Ohio's Remarkable Resource. 1982. ODNR Div. of Water.

Withdrawal and Distribution of Water By Public Water Supplies in Ohio, 1985. USGS. Open-File Report 89-423.

Acknowledgments

This publication was produced through the Ohio Water Resources Education Project, in cooperation with: ODNR Div. of Water; Ohio EPA; USGS, Ohio District; and Ohio Department of Health (ODH). Project leaders are Larry C. Brown and Kristina M. Boone. Support was provided, in part by: OSU Extension offices in Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson counties; Carroll, Harrison and Jefferson County Commissioners; Overholt Drainage Education and Research Program; and USDA Extension Service Grant No. 90-EWQI-1-9018.

The project leaders express appreciation to the following reviewers: Connie Little and Tom Konst (Carroll District Health Department); Ken Simeral (OSU Extension); Tom Perrin and Ray Rummell (USDA-SCS); Charles Harrah (Harrison District Health Department); Rich Kelly (Jefferson District Health Department); Mark Swiger (Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District); James M. Raab, David Cashell and Leonard Black (ODNR Div. of Water); Scott Golden (Environmental Health, ODH); Steve Hindall and Ron Veley (USGS, Ohio District); and Larry Antosch (Ohio EPA Div. of Surface Water).

A special thanks to Michelle Roby and Ross A. Roberts (Agricultural Engineering Undergraduate Assistants) for help in manuscript and graphics preparation, and Judy Kauffeld, Publications Editor (Section of Communications and Technology, Ohio State University) for editorial and graphic production.