Maximizing Fall and Winter Grazing of Beef Cows and Stocker Cattle

Bulletin 872-98

Developing a Forage Management Strategy

Step 1. Assess Soil and Forage Resources

The first step is to assess the soil and forage resources. Soil resource assessment involves determination of soil fertility (level of nutrients) and soil pH (acidity). Low fertility and pH will reduce the persistence of legumes and hardiness of desirable grasses. It is recommended that soils be tested about every four years. Matching the soil's resources and its fertility and drainage is critical to a successful pasture system.

A forage resource inventory includes total acreage, field locations, and the forage in those fields (Roberts et al., 1993). An Ohio forage inventory should include a test for endophyte if fescue is present. Endophyte testing is available at Auburn University. Contact your county Extension agent for details.

Step 2. Determine Limiting Forage Factors

Fescue is the primary cool season grass on many operations in Ohio. The first limiting factor in this situation would be a lack of high-quality summer pasture. Introduction of warm-season grasses, alfalfa/grass mixtures, annual lespedeza, clovers, or birdsfoot trefoil are some possible options (Roberts et al., 1993). Switchgrass may be the best warm-season grass to establish in Ohio.

Brassicas, pearl millet, sorghum-sudangrass, corn stalks, and grazing corn are also potential forages for fall and winter grazing. Currently, Extension personnel are exploring several types of cereal rye for early pasture in March and April.

If your forages are unproductive, soil fertility, pH, or topography may be limiting factors. Fertilization and/or lime applications may be needed. Land that is steep, frequently wet, or frequently dry may not support a wide range of forage species. Plant persistence will be a more important factor for these areas. Forage quality would be an important factor on highly productive land.

Step 3. Assessing Animal Factors

The animal's current nutrient requirements must match the type and stage of production of your forage. You should be able to match stocking rate with current forage dry-matter production. Forage nutrient levels need to be evaluated in terms of the animal's nutrient requirements and stage of production.