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| Figure 5. At harvest, the receptacle remains on the raspberry plant. |
June-bearing red raspberries are winter hardy to -30°F, bloom in late May, and ripen in mid- to late-June.
Algonquin - Haida x Canby - Released from Vancouver, Canada, 1989) - Upright plants are productive, moderately hardy, and resistant to spur blight, root rot, raspberry bushy dwarf virus, and raspberry mosaic virus aphid. Fruit is small- to medium-sized, dull in appearance, difficult to remove from the core, bland in flavor, and prone to rot. Yields are high, but winter injury can occur. Fruit is easily harvested. Mid-season; a few days after Boyne.
Balder - (Preussen x Lloyd George - Released from Norway, 1990) - Erect plants are very winter hardy, productive, and vigorous. Susceptible to cane spot. Leaves may hide fruit. Soft fruit is medium-sized and somewhat dark and dull with a sweet taste and high acidity. Suggested use is for processing. Performance in the Midwest is untested. Mid-season.
Boyne - (Chief x Indian Summer - Released from Manitoba, Canada, 1960) - Very hardy, productive, and spiny plants are of medium height and sucker heavily. They are susceptible to Anthracnose and Verticillium wilt, but tolerant of Phytophthora root rot, resistant to yellow rust, and tolerant to crown gall. Soft, dark fruit has good flavor and is small- to medium-sized. Yields are very high. Do not machine harvest. Berries freeze and process well and are recommended for pick-your-own. Early mid-season.
Canby - (Viking x Lloyd George - Released from Oregon, 1953) - Tall, vigorous plants are moderately productive and nearly thornless with only poor to moderate hardiness. Buds may winter kill in some climates. Susceptible to Anthracnose and crown gall, immune to aphid, and resistant to virus. Requires good soil drainage (avoid heavy soils). Bright red berries are firm and medium-sized with excellent flavor. Machine harvest. Good quality for fresh use or freezing. Mid-season.
Chilcotin - (Sumner x Newburgh - Released from Vancouver, Canada, 1977) - Erect plants are fairly hardy and moderately vigorous with few spines. Hardiness may be marginal in northern parts of the Midwest. Susceptible to raspberry mosaic virus and resistant to raspberry bushy dwarf virus and cane Botrytis. Moderately susceptible to spur blight and very susceptible to root diseases and problems, including herbicide injury. Large, bright red fruit is easily removed from the core, resists fruit rot, and does not darken after harvest. Good yields. Good processing, shipping, and freezing. Early to mid-season with a long harvest period.
Chilliwack - (Skeena x (Sumner x Carnival) - Released from Vancouver, Canada, 1987) - Upright canes have prickles at the basal end and are resistant to raspberry mosaic virus aphids and bushy dwarf virus with some resistance to spur blight and root rot. Susceptible to Botrytis, cane spot, and crown gall. Hardiness is moderate but inconsistent (low chilling requirement). Large berries are flavorful, attractive, firm, and resistant to berry rot. Yields may be low. Machine harvest. Berries have an excellent shelf life, are good for modified and low-oxygen atmosphere, and are recommended for both fresh and processed use. Mid-season.
Encore - (NY7 = Canby x Cherokee - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1998) - Plants are less susceptible to Phytophthora root rot than Titan. Firm fruit is attractive and large. Late season. May not have a second fall harvest. Good winter hardiness, very good root suckering and vigor. May not be winter hardy where winter temperatures fluctuate.
Festival - (Muskoka x Trent - Released from Ontario, Canada, 1972) - Short, productive, moderately hardy plants are vigorous, have few spines, and sucker easily. Very susceptible to late leaf rust, less susceptible to raspberry mosaic virus and spur blights, and tolerant of powdery mildew. Bright red berries are flavorful, medium-sized, and firm. Yields are outstanding in Canada but unknown in Midwest. Suitable for jams or freezing. Good for pick-your-own. Mid-season (a few days after Boyne).
Haida - (Malling Promise x Creston - Released from Vancouver, Canada, 1973) - Moderately hardy, upright plants are productive, spiny, and sucker easily. Compact canes. Resistant to large raspberry aphid and spur blight. Avoid heavy soils. High quality, firm berries are medium to large, bright purple-red, and sweet. May be difficult to remove from receptacle. Medium to high yields. Machine harvest. Recommended for fresh, frozen, or processed uses. Late mid-season.
Hilton - (Newburgh x S. Walfried - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1965) - Vigorous, productive plants are tall, erect, and winter hardy. Large, attractive, cone-shaped berries are dark red, firm, and flavorful, although difficult to pick unless fully ripe. Fairly high yields. Good for processing. Mid-season.
K81-6 - ((Muskoka selfed 3 times x Ottawa Latham) x (Creston x Williamette) - Released from Nova Scotia) - Hardy, vigorous plants are tall and susceptible to fireblight and leaf curl virus. Large fruit is medium firm, good quality, and flavorful. Better flavor than Festival. Good for pick-your-own. Susceptible to Botrytis. Half-pint containers are recommended for picking to prevent berry collapse. Late season. For trial.
Killarney - (Chief x Indian Summer - Released from Manitoba, Canada, 1961) - Hardy plants are short to medium height, spiny, and produce many suckers. Susceptible to mildew and Anthracnose, but may be Phytophthora tolerant. Bright red fruit is medium to large and firm with acceptable quality and good flavor. May be crumbly. Do not machine harvest. Berries may soften in warm weather, but are good for freezing. Early mid-season (earlier than Titan).
Latham - (King x Louden - Released from Minnesota, 1920) - Very hardy, vigorous plants are nearly thornless with a tolerance to Phytophthora and low susceptibility to viruses. Round fruit is small to medium in size and crumbly with fair flavor. This reliable producer is recommended for freezing or fresh use. Mid- to late-season extended harvest.
Lauren - (CDH-1 = Titan x Reveille - Released from Cooperative Raspberry Breeding Program, 1996) - Plants are vigorous and better than Titan against Phytophthora, although they are still susceptible. Does well in winter climates, but may not be hardy where winter temperatures fluctuate. Fruits are large with cohesiveness and flavor. May ship well. Early season (earlier than Titan). For trial.
Liberty - (Sunrise S2 x Newburgh - Released from Iowa, 1976) - Hardy plant with few suckers. Appears to be not attractive to aphid vector for mosaic virus. Large fruit is highly visible, easy to pick, flavorful, and somewhat soft. Good fresh, frozen, or for cooking. For trial only. Early season.
Madawaska - (Released from Ontario) - Hardy plants are susceptible to mildew. Dark red fruit has poor flavor. Recommended for freezing. Early season.
Newburgh - (Newman x Herbert - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1929) - Erect plants are hardy and resistant to root rot and heavier soils. Firm fruit has a mild flavor and is somewhat crumbly. Good for pick-your-own or for shipping, but not for processing. Mid-season.
Nordic - (Boyne x Fall Red - Released from Minnesota, 1987) - Very hardy plants have few thorns and show some resistance to fungal diseases and aphids. Does well in heavy soils. Firm fruit is medium-sized with above-average flavor. Good for fresh market or pick-your-own. Not widely used in the Midwest. Early summer and late fall crops.
Nova - (Southland x Boyne - Released from Nova Scotia, 1980) - Vigorous, hardy, upright plants are medium height and nearly thornless with long, fruiting laterals. Apparently resistant to most cane diseases and late yellow rust but susceptible to Phytophthora, leaf curl virus, and fireblight. Some susceptibility to powdery mildew, spur blight, and Anthracnose. Bright red fruit is medium-sized, firm, and somewhat acidic-tasting. Long shelf life. Mid-season.
Prelude - (NY 1009 = NY817 x Hilton - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1998) - Hardy, vigorous plants are productive and remain so for six to eight years. Fruit is slightly larger than Heritage with a mild flavor. Yields are similar to Canby and Killarney. Early season. Second harvest in late August is slightly less in yield than Heritage.
Qualicum - (Glen Moy x Chilliwack - Released from Summerland, British Columbia, 1995) - Qualicum produces large, firm berries with a pleasant flavor in mid-season. The superior fruit quality extends fruit shelf life by an extra two days. Resistant to aphid of raspberry mosaic virus and some resistance to raspberry bushy dwarf virus. Good winter hardiness in B.C.
Regency - (GU 75 = Creston x Muskoka - Released from Guelph, Ontario, 1998) - Ripens four days after Boyne; medium-sized fruit. Plant is very hardy, with vigorous canes; more productive than Boyne. Not firm for shipping or mechanical harvest.
Reveille - ((Indian Summer x Sunrise) x September - Released from Maryland, 1966) - Plants are relatively hardy (some winter injury), vigorous, and sucker easily. Large, soft fruit is cohesive with good flavor. Good fresh and processed.
Sentry - (Sunrise x Taylor - Released from Maryland, 1966) - Tall, vigorous plants are extremely hardy with few thorns and high productivity. Firm berries are medium to large with excellent flavor, high quality, and a bright red color. Yields can be high. Recommended for pick-your-own, fresh markets, or freezing; good fresh or processed. Early mid-season.
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| Figure 5. At harvest, the receptacle remains on the raspberry plant. |
Taylor - (Newman x Lloyd George - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1935) - Sturdy
plants are hardy and vigorous. Firm berries are large and conical-shaped with
excellent flavor. Mid-season.
Titan - (NY883 = Hilton x (Newburgh x September) - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1986) - Very smooth canes are slow spreading (suckers emerge mostly from the crown) and susceptible to crown gall and Phytophthora. Resistant to raspberry aphid. Plants are vigorous and fairly hardy, but support is required due to high yields. Avoid heavy soils. Extremely large fruit has a mild flavor and a dull red color. May be difficult to pick unless fully ripe. Yields are variable. Recommended for fresh and processed use. Do not machine harvest. Early to mid-season.
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| Figure 6. At harvest, the receptacle remains in the blackberry fruit. |
Trent - (Newman x Lloyd George - Released from Ontario, Canada, 1943) - Hardy
plants are medium height, spiny, and productive. Susceptible to mildew. Soft
and crumbly fruit is medium to dark red. Early season.
Tulameen - (Nootka x Glen Prosen - Released from Vancouver, Canada, 1991) - Upright canes are vigorous with spines at basal end and an open growth habit. Resistant to crown gall and some resistance to raspberry mosaic virus, vector aphid, and raspberry bushy dwarf virus pollen transmission. Large, quality fruit is firm, attractive, and glossy with a good shelf life and thick flesh. Hardiness may not be suitable for the Northeast. Late, extended season. Out yields but later ripening than Chilliwack. Can overlap Autumn Bliss season. Good for processing and machine harvest.
Honey Queen - (Honey King x Herbert - Released from Alberta, Canada, 1975) - Shorter plants are very hardy, productive, and tolerant of Phytophthora. Sweet fruit is medium to large in size and softer than Amber.
Amity - (ORUS 1839 x ORUS 1835 - Released from Oregon, 1984) - Productive plants are hardy, nearly spineless, and have some resistance to cane disease, root rot, and large raspberry aphid. Susceptible to raspberry bush virus and raspberry mosaic virus. Short, spreading plants have moderate vigor. Not for machine harvest. Firm, flavorful fruit is medium-sized with good color and some cap adherence. Moderate yields. Good for shipping, freezing, processing, or fresh market. Recommended for limited trial. Early to mid-season; nearly two weeks before Heritage.
Autumn Bliss - (Complex mix of Malling Landmark, Malling Promise, Lloyd George, Pyne's Royal, Burnetholm, Norfolk Giant, Rubus strigosus, Rubus arcticus, and Rubus occidentalis - Released from East Malling, England, 1984) - Productive, erect plants. Susceptible to raspberry bushy dwarf virus but resistant to raspberry mosaic virus. Large fruit is darker red with mild flavor and a conical shape. Somewhat soft and crumbly but easy to pick. Good yields over a 50-day season. Early season, two weeks earlier than Heritage; much of the crop is produced within the first two weeks of harvest.
Autumn Britten - (Background similar to Autumn Bliss - Released from England, 1995 - Patent held by Ontario Berry Growers Association) - Plants have some spines. Susceptible to bushy dwarf virus but resistant to raspberry mosaic virus. Dark red fruit is large and firm. Good for shipping. Yields are average to high. Early season; after Autumn Bliss. Tested in Ontario, British Columbia, New York, and Pennsylvania. For trial.
Autumn Cascade - (Released from England, 1994) - Spineless canes are less productive than Autumn Bliss. Susceptible to Phytophthora root rot but resistant to raspberry mosaic virus. Fruit is firm, dark red, and medium-sized with good flavor. Yields less than Autumn Bliss. Early season, 7-10 days before Heritage. Performance not tested in the Midwest.
Caroline - (Geo-1 (Autumn Bliss x Glen Moy) x Heritage - Release planned from University of Maryland, 1999) - Recently known as JCRF1. Reported to have fruit with good flavor, size, and shelf life. High yields over a long season. Early season; one week before Heritage.
Dinkum - (Autumn Bliss x Glen Moy - Released from Institute for Horticulture, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 1982) - Tall, upright primocane similar to A. Bliss but three days earlier ripening than A. Bliss. Yield is medium with condensed season. Good for machine harvest. Susceptible to root rot and bushy dwarf virus. Fruit is medium-sized, firm, but more glossy than A. Bliss. Fruit has excellent flavor with some resistance to post harvest rot.
Double Delight - (Fall Red x Boyne - Released from Manitoba, 1994) - Hardy, spiny canes. Small fruit is firm and attractive; may form double fruit from the same flower. Early season, 10-14 days before Heritage. Not tested in the Midwest.
Heritage - ((Milton x Cuthbert) x Durham - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1969) - Vigorous plants have many suckers and sturdy, erect, very thorny canes that do not need support. Resistant to powdery mildew and pest problems and shows tolerance to raspberry bushy dwarf virus and raspberry mosaic virus. Firm fruit is medium-sized with good flavor and color and excellent quality. High yields. Good for freezing. Is the primary fall-fruiting cultivar in the Midwest; has set the standard for everbearers. Machine harvest. Late season; starts approximately August 15 in central Ohio and lasts until frost.
Polana - (Heritage x Zena Herbstunte - Released from Poland, Research Institute of Pomology, 1991) - Fruit are medium-sized, shiny, and ripen before Heritage. More productive than Heritage. Fruit borne on laterals. Low to medium susceptibility to diseases and pests.
Redwing - (Heritage x Fall Red - Released from Minnesota, 1987) - Hardy plants are moderately vigorous, moderately productive, and have moderate thorns. May need trellising. Firm and flavorful fruit is medium-sized and somewhat soft. Fruit is hidden by leaves. Yields are high. Recommended for fresh use, but is acceptable frozen. Early fall season; approximately 10 days before Heritage.
Ruby - (NY114 = Heritage x Titan - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1988) - Hardy, productive plants are moderately vigorous with susceptibility to Phytophthora root rot and crown gall. Needs light soils. Large conical fruit have a mild flavor, dry texture, and average quality. Susceptible to fruit rot. Average yields. Recommended for fresh market or shipping. Early season; 7-10 days before Heritage.
Summit - (ORUS 1838 x ORUS 1842 - Released from Oregon, 1989) - Plants have moderate vigor, resistance to Phytophthora root rot, and do well in heavier soils. Dark, flavorful fruit is small- to medium-sized, firm, and attractive. Medium to high yields. Recommended for fresh and processed use, but berry size may be a serious limitation. Berry hard to remove; not for machine harvest. Early season.
Anne - (JEFB1 = Amity x Glen Garry - Released from Cooperative Raspberry Program, 1998) - Primocane plants with medium vigor and low suckering. Golden large fruit is sweet (13-14% soluble solids), susceptible to Botrytis, and attractive to birds. Yields are less than other fall red raspberries. Early season; ripens five days before Heritage.
Fallgold - (Taylor x R. pungens oldhami {a wild species from Korea} - Released from New Hampshire, 1967) - Productive, hardy plants are vigorous and produce many suckers. The soft, flavorful fruit is yellow with a pink blush and medium-sized. Good for fresh eating but not freezing or processing. Fruit is susceptible to Botrytis. There is currently limited commercial use for this cultivar, but it could become a "gourmet" item on the fresh market. Early season; 7-10 days before Heritage.
Golden Harvest - (?) - Is short to medium in height and highly branched. Fruit are small with unacceptable flavor. Yields are moderate. Plants have not displayed bushy dwarf virus and are free of crown gall.
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| Figure 7. Golden Harvest yellow raspberry. |
Goldie - (Sport of Heritage - Discovered in Sonoma County, Calif., 1987) - Plant
production is similar to Heritage but prone to drupelet bleaching. Yellow fruit
is medium-sized and firm with good flavor. Berries are darker than other yellow
types and turn pink when ripe. Season is the same as Heritage.
Qualicum - (Glen Moy x Chilliwack - Released from British Columbia, Canada, 1995) - Upright canes are nearly spineless. Susceptible to Botrytis, Anthracnose, Phytophthora, and crown gall, but resistant to mosaic virus. Fruit is large, firm, and flavorful with a good shelf life and a hardiness similar to Meeker. Good for shipping. Mid-season. Not tested in the Midwest.
Tulameen - (Nootka x Glen Prosen - Released from Vancouver, Canada, 1991) - Upright canes are vigorous with spines at basal end and an open growth habit. Resistant to crown gall and some resistance to raspberry mosaic virus, vector aphid, and raspberry bushy dwarf virus pollen transmission. Large, quality fruit is firm, attractive, and glossy with a good shelf life and thick flesh. Hardiness may not be suitable for the Northeast. Late, extended season.
Allegheny - (F1 x Dundee - Released from Maryland, 1970) - Vigorous, productive plants show some resistance to mildew and cane spot. Firm fruit is medium to large with good flavor. Good yields. For commercial or home use. Generally recommended in mid-Atlantic states.
Allen - (Bristol x Cumberland - Released from New York, 1957) - Vigorous, productive plants are hardy and disease-free with some mildew resistance. Very large, attractive fruit has a mild flavor. Recommended fresh or processed. Harvest period is short, but bears a large percentage of the crop in a few pickings. Early to mid-season.
Black Hawk - (Quillen x Black Pearl - Released from Iowa, 1955) - Vigorous, hardy plants are resistant to Anthracnose but susceptible to mildew. Large, glossy fruit is medium to large, flavorful, and firm. Good fresh or processed. High yields. A standard commercial variety through much of the Midwest. Late mid-season.
Bristol - (Watson Prolific x Honeysweet - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1934) - Upright, sturdy canes are hardy, vigorous, and productive, but susceptible to Anthracnose. Large, firm fruit is glossy and attractive with excellent flavor. Good for eating, freezing, canning, or fresh market. High yields. Leading black cultivar and producer in Ohio and is widely used in the eastern United States. Early season; in central Ohio ripens between June 23 and July 4.
Cumberland - (Introduced in 1896) - Vigorous plants are cold hardy but susceptible to Anthracnose. Fruit is large and high quality. A longtime standard in Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, although some more recent varieties have proven to be superior. Mid-season.
Dundee - (Smith 1 x Palmer - Released from New York, 1927) - Tall, vigorous, hardy plants are very productive with some resistance to mosaic virus but susceptible to powdery mildew. Large fruit is glossy and firm with good flavor and quality. It is less attractive but slightly larger and more flavorful than Bristol. Mid-season.
Early Sweet - (US 1631 = OR x US 1725 (Haut x Rubus leucodermis) - Released from USDA, 1996) - Vigorous, productive plants. Firm fruit is medium- to large-sized and sweet. Early season. For trial.
Haut - (Manteo selfed x B16 - Released from University of Maryland, 1987) - Vigorous, spiny, productive plants. Firm fruit is medium-sized and flavorful. Recommended for pick-your-own operations. Early season, but ripens over a long period of time. For trial.
Huron - (Rachel x Dundee - Released from New York, 1965) - Vigorous plants have fair hardiness and some resistance to Anthracnose. Firm fruit is glossy, flavorful, attractive, and medium-sized. Mid to late season.
Jewel - (N.Y. 29773 = Bristol x Dundee - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1973) - Vigorous, erect plants are productive, winter hardy, and show some disease resistance. Considered an improvement over Bristol due to slightly larger size and better resistance to disease. May be hardier than other black varieties. Firm fruit is glossy and flavorful. Recommended for commercial use in the lower Midwest. Use fresh or processed. Early season. Concentrated ripening habit (two to three pickings).
Logan - (Released from Illinois) - Vigorous plants are winter hardy, resistant to many diseases, including mosaic virus, and tolerate many kinds of soil. Firm berries have good flavor but are small to medium-sized. Good for processing. Low yields. Not recommended for the Midwest due to small berry size. Early season.
Lowden - (Bristol x Sodus - Released from Ontario, 1961) - Hardy plants show good disease resistance and no susceptibility to Anthracnose. Medium-sized fruit is flavorful. Good for canning. Lowden has some red raspberry ancestry. Late season.
Mac Black - (Origin?) - Plants are hardy but may be difficult to establish. Medium to large berries. Late season. Appears to be upright for mechanical harvest.
Amethyst - (Robertson x Cuthbert - Released from Iowa in 1968) - Vigorous, productive plants are hardy with no suckers and some resistance to Anthracnose. Tolerant to cane spot. Firm fruit is medium to large and glossy. High yields. Good for processing. Not recommended in Wisconsin. Early mid-season.
Brandywine - (NY 631 x Hilton - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1976) - Tall, upright, vigorous plants have very thorny canes and sucker only from the crown, so plant will not spread. Its plant habit is similar to that of a black but more vigorous. Susceptible to Verticillium wilt, raspberry aphid, and crown gall. Not good in heavy soils, and soil fumigation and trellis are highly recommended. Round, firm fruit is tart, large, and reddish-purple in color. Good frozen or fresh, but recommended for jams and jellies. High yields. Commercially used in the Midwest. Propagated by tip layering. Late mid-season.
Clyde - (Bristol x (Newburgh x Indian Summer) - Released from New York, 1961) - Productive, vigorous plant is fairly hardy and tolerant of Anthracnose. Firm fruit is large and tart. Good for both home and commercial growing. Brandywine and Royalty are superior cultivars.
Estate - (Released from Minnesota) - Tall, thorny plants are slow to spread because suckers emerge from the crown. Large, round fruit is more red than purple. Very late season.
Royalty - (NY 253 = (Cumberland x Newburgh) x NY 17861 = (Newburgh x Indian Summer) - Released from Geneva, N.Y., 1982) - Tall, vigorous plants are extremely productive and sucker freely; immune to large raspberry aphid (which reduces susceptibility to mosaic virus); and winter hardy. Susceptible to crown gall. Very large, soft fruit is sweet and of high quality. Reddish-purple berries are not suitable for shipping; can be frozen, but are best eaten fresh. High yields (greater than Bristol but less than Brandywine). Late season.
Success - (Morrison x New Hampshire 100 - Released from New Hampshire, 1956) - Very hardy plants are less vigorous, difficult to propagate, and produce few suckers. Small, dark fruit has excellent flavor. High yields. Recommended fresh or in jellies and jams. Mid to late season.